Spear & Jackson - 34cm Cordless Rotary Lawnmower - 24V

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Subrahmanian, N. (1996). Śaṅgam polity: the administration and social life of the Śaṅgam Tamils. Ennes. Connolly, Peter (1981). Greece and Rome at War. London: Macdonald Phoebus. p.89. ISBN 978-0-356-06798-8.

Hunt, Peter. The Cambridge History of Greek and Roman Warfare: Volume 1, Greece, The Hellenistic World and the Rise of Rome. Cambridge University Press, 2007, p. 108In the late period of the Roman Empire, the spear became more often used because of its anti-cavalry capacities as the barbarian invasions were often conducted by people with a developed culture of cavalry in warfare. Sébastien Nadot, Rompez les lances! Chevaliers et tournois au Moyen Age, Paris, ed. Autrement, 2010. ( Couch your lances! Knights and tournaments in the Middle Ages...) Throwing spears also were used extensively in Meso-American warfare, usually with the help of an atlatl. [53] Throwing spears were typically shorter and more stream-lined than the tepoztopilli, and some had obsidian edges for greater penetration. Arnold, Thomas (2001). The Renaissance at War. London: Cassel & Co. pp.60–72. ISBN 978-0-304-35270-8.

E. A. Livingstone, ed. (2006). Concise Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church. Oxford Reference. ISBN 978-0-19-861442-5 . Retrieved 2017-01-09.In the pre-Marian Roman armies, the first two lines of battle, the hastati and principes, often fought with a sword called a gladius and pila, heavy javelins that were specifically designed to be thrown at an enemy to pierce and foul a target's shield. Originally the principes were armed with a short spear called a hasta, but these gradually fell out of use, eventually being replaced by the gladius. The third line, the triarii, continued to use the hasta. e.g. at the Battle of Steppes, 1213. Oman, Sir Charles (1991) [1924]. The Art of War in the Middle Ages. Vol.1. London: Greenhill Books. p.451. ISBN 978-1-85367-100-5. Hanson, Victor Davis (1999). "Chapter 2: The Rise of the City State and the Invention of Western Warfare". The Wars of the Ancient Greeks. London: Cassell. pp.42–83. ISBN 978-0-304-35982-0.

The Rajputs wielded a type of spear for infantrymen which had a club integrated into the spearhead, and a pointed butt end. Other spears had forked blades, several spear-points, and numerous other innovations. One particular spear unique to India was the vita or corded lance. Gáe Buide and Gáe Derg, spears of Diarmuid Ua Duibhne which could inflict wounds that none can recover from Spears are known as Bhala in Indian languages. [45] Spears in the Indian society were used both in missile and non-missile form, both by cavalry and foot-soldiers. Mounted spear-fighting was practiced using with a 300cm (10ft), ball-tipped wooden lance called a bothati, the end of which was covered in dye so that hits may be confirmed. Spears were constructed from a variety of materials such as the sang made completely of steel, and the ballam which had a bamboo shaft. In the early Shang, the Mao appeared to have a relatively short shaft as well as a relatively narrow shaft as opposed to Mao in the later Shang and Western Zhou period. Some Mao from this era are heavily decorated as is evidenced by a Warring States period Mao from the Ba Shu area. [41]

Verbruggen, J. F. (1997). The Art of Warfare in Western Europe in the Middle Ages (2nd.ed.). Woodbridge: Boydell Press. pp.184–5. ISBN 978-0-85115-630-9. Green Dragon Crescent Blade, a guan dao wielded by General Guan Yu in the Romance of the Three Kingdoms Pant, Gayatri Nath (1970). Studies in Indian Weapons and Warfare. Army Educational Stores. pp.158. 281 . Retrieved 14 August 2021.